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Cisco

Division of Fish & Wildlife fisheries aide Aaron Voirol holds a cisco captured at Crooked Lake during a 2019 fish community survey

Division of Fish & Wildlife fisheries aide Aaron Voirol holds a cisco captured at Crooked Lake during a 2019 fish community survey.

Overview

Cisco (Coregonus artedi) is the only native fish from the salmon family found in Indiana waters outside of Lake Michigan. It is a coldwater species that inhabits waters as far north as Canada and as far south as the upper Midwestern United States. Cisco are small and slender, silver-colored fish. They feed primarily on zooplankton, a diverse group of microscopic animals that live in aquatic environments. In Indiana, cisco grow to 7 inches by age 2, 12 inches by age 4, 15 inches by age 6, and they have been known to reach 19 inches at around 10 years of age.

Habitat

The glacial lakes of northern Indiana represent the southernmost extent of cisco’s range in North America. Glacial lakes are lakes formed by receding glaciers and water from melting glaciers. Only about 24% of Indiana lakes, primarily in the northern glacial lakes region, provide late-summer coldwater habitat (≤ 68°F and ≥ 3.0 mg/L dissolved oxygen) suitable for cisco.

Population Status

The number of lakes supporting cisco populations in Indiana has declined precipitously since 1955 as a result of coldwater habitat loss at many lakes. Failing Lake (Steuben County), Indiana Lake (Elkhart County), North Twin and South Twin lakes (LaGrange County), Lake Gage (Steuben County), Eve Lake (LaGrange County), and Crooked Lake (Noble/Whitley counties) are the only remaining Indiana lakes containing cisco.

Table 1. Population status of cisco in Indiana (C = common, R = rare, P = probably extirpated, E = extirpated, U = unknown status). Extirpated species are no longer found in a geographic area.
Lake County Acres 1955 1975 1994 2001 2016
Atwood LaGrange 170 R P E E E
Big Cedar Whitley 144 C R P E E
Big Long LaGrange 366 R E E E E
Big Otter Steuben 69 C E E E E
Clear Steuben 800 C R R R P
Crooked Noble/Whitley 206 C C C C C
Dallas LaGrange 283 C R P P E
Dillard's Pit Kosciusko 13 U R R R P
Eve LaGrange 31 R C C C C
Failing Steuben 23 C C C C C
Fish LaGrange 100 C E E E E
Gage Steuben 327 C C C C C
George Steuben/Branch MI 509 U U U U E
Gilbert Noble 28 U U E E E
Gooseneck Steuben 25 R R R R P
Gordy Noble 31 C R R R P
Green Steuben 24 R E U C R
Hackenburg LaGrange 42 R R P E E
Hindman Noble 13 R R P E E
Indiana Elkhart/Cass MI 122 U U U U C
James Steuben 1140 C R P E E
James Kosciusko 282 C E E E E
Jimmerson Steuben 434 C R P E E
Knapp Noble 88 C R P P P
Lake of the Woods Steuben/LaGrange 136 C C E E E
Lawrence Marshall 69 C C C P E
Little Lime Steuben 30 U U U R P
Marsh Steuben 56 C E E E E
Martin LaGrange 26 C C P E E
McClish Steuben/LaGrange 35 C C C C P
Meserve Steuben 16 U R R R P
Messick LaGrange 68 R R P E E
Myers Marshall 96 C C P E E
North Twin LaGrange 135 C R P E C
Olin LaGrange 103 C C P E E
Oliver LaGrange 371 R C P E E
Oswego Kosciusko 83 R E E E E
Round Whitley 131 R E E E E
Royer LaGrange 69 R P P E E
Sechrist Kosciusko 105 C E E E E
Seven Sisters Steuben 21 C C P P P
Shock Kosciusko 37 C E E E E
Shriner Whitley 120 C E E E E
Snow Steuben 422 C E E E E
South Twin LaGrange 116 C C C C C
Tippecanoe Kosciusko 768 C E E E E
Village Noble 12 R E E E E
Waubee Kosciusko 187 U E E E E
Witmer LaGrange 204 R E E E E

Management

The Division of Fish & Wildlife (DFW) has taken several steps to conserve cisco populations over the last half century. The DFW has attempted to reintroduce cisco at two coldwater lakes, including Gilbert Lake (Noble County) in 1979 and Green Lake (Steuben County) in the early 1990s. Both of these attempts to reintroduce cisco failed to establish self-sustaining populations.

Gill netting during the fall (Nov.-Dec.) for cisco was once the preferred method anglers used to capture cisco. Early gill netting regulations required anglers to purchase a cisco license and restricted gill net mesh sizes. The harvest of cisco using gill nets was discontinued in the late 1970s to protect declining cisco populations.

Cisco are listed as a state endangered species (effective December 17, 2020) and anglers should be advised that under IC 14-22-34-12 it is unlawful to take or possess state endangered species. The 2015 State Wildlife Action Plan (SWAP) used the lake catchments of known cisco populations to define six Conservation Opportunity Areas (COAs) in northern Indiana to focus the conservation community’s efforts on coldwater habitat protection and restoration. The long-term protection of Indiana’s remaining cisco populations will rely largely on collaborative efforts to preserve coldwater habitat through the application of best management practices (BMPs) that reduce the quantity of nutrients entering Indiana’s waterways.

Reports

Resources

Contact Information

Matthew D. Linn
Fisheries Research Biologist
Indiana Department of Natural Resources
1353 South Governors Drive
Columbia City, IN 46725
260-244-6805
mlinn@dnr.IN.gov